If you’re looking for the best skullcap tinctures to help calm your mind and body, I’ve found some fantastic options. From organic and concentrated extracts to alcohol-free and vegan formulations, these tinctures promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve sleep naturally. Many use high-quality, sustainably sourced herbs for maximum potency. Whether you prefer liquid drops, capsules, or easy-to-dose bottles, there’s something for everyone. Keep exploring to discover which perfect tincture suits your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Top skullcap tinctures combine organic, wild-harvested herbs with high potency extracts for effective relaxation and stress relief.
- Many products feature alcohol-free options, ensuring gentle, fast absorption and suitable for sensitive users.
- Concentrated extracts like 10X provide enhanced calming effects with precise dosing for consistent results.
- Tinctures are versatile, easily added to drinks or taken via dropper for quick, targeted nervous system support.
- Certified quality standards and third-party testing guarantee purity, safety, and herbal potency for optimal relaxation benefits.
Wild & Organic Skullcap Tincture, Liquid Skullcap Herb Supplement (2 fl oz)

Are you looking for a natural way to boost your relaxation and mood? The Wild & Organic Skullcap Tincture is a great choice. This 2 fl oz bottle provides 84 servings, making it a convenient 42-day supply when taken twice daily. Each dose delivers 500 mg of skullcap herb, known for calming the mind and promoting positive feelings. Made with vegan, GMO-free ingredients, it’s alcohol-free and easy to digest thanks to its glycerin base. Plus, its naturally sweet flavor makes daily use enjoyable. I find it simple to incorporate into my routine for a gentle, natural relaxation boost.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, vegan, and alcohol-free supplement to support relaxation, calmness, and mood enhancement.
Pros:
- Contains 500 mg of skullcap herb per serving for effective calming benefits
- Vegan, GMO-free, and free from artificial additives, ensuring a natural product
- Alcohol-free glycerin base offers gentle digestion and pleasant taste
Cons:
- Only 2 fl oz per bottle may require frequent repurchasing for daily use
- Slightly sweet flavor may not appeal to all taste preferences
- Does not specify specific clinical dosage or personalized dosing guidance
BIO KRAUTER Skullcap Herb Tincture, Liquid Extract, Alcohol & Sugar Free, Vegan, 4 Fl Oz

If you’re looking for a natural, alcohol-free way to promote calmness and improve sleep, BIO KRAUTER Skullcap Herb Tincture is an excellent choice. Made with German technology, it uses water, glycerin, and skullcap herb for up to 98% absorption. This vegan, non-GMO tincture is free from artificial colors, flavors, and sugars, offering a smooth, pleasant taste without bitterness. Many users report falling asleep within 30 minutes, better sleep continuity, and reduced anxiety. Its natural formulation makes it a trusted, effective option for nighttime relaxation, helping to calm your mind and ease tense muscles naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, alcohol-free solution to promote calmness, relaxation, and better sleep quality.
Pros:
- Alcohol-free, vegan, and non-GMO formulation ensuring a natural and ethical product
- Rapid absorption up to 98%, leading to quick onset of calming effects
- Pleasant taste with glycerin, avoiding bitterness and artificial additives
Cons:
- Some users may require higher doses or multiple uses to achieve desired effects
- Variability in potency could lead to inconsistent results for some individuals
- Potent formula may not be suitable for those sensitive to herbal tinctures or needing very low doses
Herb Pharm Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract

Herb Pharm Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract is an excellent choice for those seeking a natural way to support nervous system health. Made from certified organic, fresh Scutellaria lateriflora plants grown on Herb Pharm’s own farms in Oregon, this extract offers high-quality, plant-based support. Its liquid form ensures easy absorption, engaging your senses of taste and smell to help your body recognize and utilize the herb effectively. It’s alcohol-free, vegan, non-GMO, and gluten-free, with herb identity confirmed through rigorous testing. While not intended to diagnose or treat conditions, it’s a reliable, clean option to help promote relaxation and calmness naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic supplement to support nervous system health and promote relaxation.
Pros:
- Made from certified organic, fresh plant material for high potency and purity
- Alcohol-free, vegan, non-GMO, and gluten-free, suitable for various dietary needs
- Easy to absorb liquid form that engages taste and smell for better herbal recognition
Cons:
- Not evaluated by the FDA for medicinal claims; cannot diagnose or treat health conditions
- May have a strong herbal taste that some users find unappealing
- Requires careful dosing to ensure optimal benefits, which may be challenging for some users
Skullcap Tincture, Organic Skullcap Extract, Skullcap Drops (Scutellaria lateriflora)

Those seeking a natural way to unwind will appreciate Skullcap Tincture, Organic Skullcap Extract, and Skullcap Drops made from high-quality, wild, and certified organic plants. These extracts are pure and free from hormones, preservatives, artificial ingredients, and common allergens like gluten, dairy, and soy. I love that Florida Herbs emphasizes using only the best ingredients to support my health and wellness. Made with wild and certified organic skullcap, these tinctures are a safe, effective addition to my routine. They offer a natural way to promote relaxation, calm my mind, and restore balance without any harmful additives.
Best For: those seeking a natural, pure supplement to promote relaxation, calmness, and overall wellness without artificial additives.
Pros:
- Made from wild and certified organic skullcap for maximum purity and potency
- Free from hormones, preservatives, artificial ingredients, gluten, dairy, soy, and common allergens
- Supports relaxation and stress relief naturally without harmful additives
Cons:
- May have a strong herbal taste that some users find unappealing
- Requires consistent use over time to notice full benefits
- Limited information on specific dosage guidelines beyond general directions
Skullcap 10X Extract Tincture (30ml/1oz) High Potency Herbal Supplement

Designed for anyone seeking a potent, natural way to promote relaxation, Skullcap 10X Extract Tincture offers a concentrated herbal solution. With 30,000 mg of premium Skullcap extract in a 30ml bottle, it delivers high potency benefits that support calming the mind and enhancing overall wellness. The easy-to-use dropper allows precise dosing, whether added to water, tea, or juice. Made from carefully extracted, pure Skullcap, it’s free from artificial additives and preservatives, ensuring maximum effectiveness and safety. This tincture is an excellent choice for those wanting a strong, natural herbal supplement to help ease stress and promote a peaceful state of mind.
Best For: those seeking a powerful, natural herbal supplement to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and support overall wellness.
Pros:
- Highly concentrated with 30,000 mg of Skullcap extract for maximum effectiveness
- Easy-to-use dropper allows precise dosing and versatile mixing options
- Made from pure, premium Skullcap free from artificial additives and preservatives
Cons:
- Strong potency may require careful dosing to avoid overstimulation
- Liquid tincture form may not appeal to individuals preferring capsules or tablets
- As a herbal supplement, results can vary depending on individual response
Frontier Co-op Organic Skullcap Herb (1lb)

If you’re looking for a natural way to unwind and reduce stress, Frontier Co-op Organic Skullcap Herb (1lb) is an excellent choice. This versatile, certified organic herb from North America and Southeast Asia can be brewed into tea, tinctures, or added to DIY capsules. Known for its calming properties, skullcap has been used for centuries to promote relaxation and ease tension. It’s sustainably grown in the U.S. without any artificial additives or chemicals, ensuring purity and quality. Whether you’re making your own herbal remedies or enjoying a comforting cup, this high-quality skullcap herb supports your wellness naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic herbal supplement to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and support overall wellness.
Pros:
- Certified organic and sustainably cultivated in the U.S., ensuring high purity and quality
- Versatile for brewing tea, making tinctures, or DIY capsules to suit personal preferences
- Traditionally used for centuries to provide calming and relaxing effects
Cons:
- May require preparation and DIY effort for those unfamiliar with herbal remedies
- Some individuals might need to consume regularly to notice significant effects
- Limited flavor profile may necessitate blending with other herbs for taste preferences
Herb Pharm Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract

Herb Pharm Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract is an excellent choice for individuals seeking a natural, organic remedy to support nervous system health, improve sleep, and reduce stress. Made from fresh, organically grown Skullcap plants harvested at full bloom, it captures maximum bioactive compounds. This alcohol-free extract is easily absorbed and can be added to water or other liquids. Users often report calming effects, relief from head tremors, better sleep quality, and reduced cramps. Known for high quality and transparency, Herb Pharm’s commitment to organic practices and thorough testing makes this extract a trusted, effective option for promoting relaxation and nervous system balance naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic remedy to support nervous system health, improve sleep, and reduce stress.
Pros:
- Made from fresh, organically grown Skullcap plants harvested at full bloom for maximum potency
- Alcohol-free, easily absorbed, and can be added to water or other liquids for convenience
- Supports relaxation, sleep quality, and nervous system balance with a natural, bitter vegetal flavor
Cons:
- Some users may find the earthy taste less palatable initially
- Higher price point compared to some non-organic or less premium brands
- Availability may be limited in certain regions or stores
NutraMedix Baikal Skullcap Tincture for Heart and Immune Support

NutraMedix Baikal Skullcap Tincture stands out as an excellent choice for those looking to support their heart and immune health naturally. Made from a hydro-ethanol extract of Chinese Skullcap root, it offers powerful antioxidants and compounds that promote cardiovascular wellness and microbial diversity. This tincture has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine and is now backed by modern quality standards, including rigorous testing for purity and potency. Many users incorporate it into their daily routine to boost immunity and support overall wellness. It’s a trusted, high-quality supplement that can complement your health regimen and help maintain a resilient immune system.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural supplement to support heart health and immune function, especially those interested in traditional herbal remedies with modern quality assurance.
Pros:
- Contains a broad spectrum of flavonoids known for antioxidant and immune-supporting properties
- Manufactured in the USA with rigorous testing for purity, potency, and safety
- Supports microbial diversity and overall wellness with traditional Chinese herbal roots
Cons:
- May require consistent daily use to notice benefits
- Not suitable for individuals with certain health conditions or on specific medications without consulting a healthcare professional
- Tincture form may have a strong taste that some users find unpalatable
Herb Pharm Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract

For those seeking natural support to calm their nerves and promote balance, Herb Pharm’s Organic Skullcap Liquid Extract is an excellent choice. Made from certified-organic, fresh Scutellaria lateriflora plants grown on Herb Pharm’s own farms, it supports and tones nervous system functions. The extract uses organic cane alcohol for easy absorption, engaging your senses to enhance herb recognition. It’s vegan, non-GMO, and gluten-free, with quality confirmed through rigorous testing. This liquid extract is designed to help restore nervous system health and promote overall calmness, making it a reliable, natural option for those looking to soothe their mind and body.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic remedy to support nervous system health, reduce stress, and promote overall calmness.
Pros:
- Made from certified-organic, fresh Scutellaria lateriflora plants cultivated on Herb Pharm’s own farms
- Easily absorbed liquid form that engages taste and smell to enhance herb recognition and utilization
- Vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free, with rigorous quality testing for authenticity and safety
Cons:
- Contains organic cane alcohol, which may not be suitable for those avoiding alcohol-based extracts
- May require consistent use over time to notice significant calming effects
- As a herbal supplement, it is not evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, or prevent medical conditions
Chinese Skullcap Scutellaria Baicalensis Natural Extract Tincture

If you’re seeking a natural way to reduce stress and support your overall well-being, Chinese Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis tincture might be just what you need. This herbal extract has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It’s crafted from pure, natural extract with no unwanted additives, making it a trusted remedy. Many users report feeling calmer, sleeping more deeply without drowsiness, and experiencing less anxiety during stressful times. It’s easy to incorporate—just a few drops in water or tea. However, because of potential liver risks with prolonged use, it’s wise to follow recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional if needed.
Best For: Individuals seeking a natural remedy to reduce stress, improve sleep quality, and support overall well-being safely with an herbal extract.
Pros:
- Made from pure, natural extract with no unwanted additives, ensuring high quality.
- Helps promote deep sleep, relaxation, and reduce anxiety during stressful periods.
- Easy to use by adding a few drops to water or tea, fitting seamlessly into daily routines.
Cons:
- Potential liver toxicity risk with long-term or excessive daily use, requiring caution.
- Not suitable for individuals with liver issues, blood sugar regulation problems, or those on certain medications without consulting a healthcare provider.
- Some users may experience adverse effects or find the product only moderately effective if used improperly.
Wooden Spoon Herbs Tranquility Tonic (2oz)

Wooden Spoon Herbs Tranquility Tonic stands out as an excellent choice for anyone seeking a natural, organic solution to manage long-term stress, soothe anxious nerves, and improve sleep quality. This USDA-certified tincture combines six herbs—including holy basil, skullcap, oat tops, ashwagandha, and lavender—to promote relaxation and calm the nervous system. Made with high-quality, vegan, and allergen-free ingredients, it’s easy to incorporate by adding a dropperful to your drinks up to three times daily. While the taste can be intense and unpleasant, many users find it effective for easing stress, supporting restful sleep, and feeling more settled overall.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic remedy to manage long-term stress, reduce anxiety, and enhance sleep quality through a fast-absorbing tincture.
Pros:
- Made with USDA Certified Organic and high-quality herbal ingredients, vegan and allergen-free.
- Liquid form allows for quick absorption and easy customization of dosage.
- Supports relaxation, calms nerves, and promotes restful sleep with traditional herbal blends.
Cons:
- The taste can be intense, unpleasant, and may require mixing with flavored beverages.
- Dropper markings may not be precise, necessitating careful measurement.
- Contains alcohol (~50%), which might not be suitable for everyone and can impact flavor.
Natures Answer Alcohol-Free Skullcap Herb, 1-Fluid Ounce

Natures Answer Alcohol-Free Skullcap Herb, 1-Fluid Ounce, stands out as an excellent choice for anyone seeking a natural, alcohol-free option to promote relaxation and ease anxiety. This tincture provides about 15 servings, with a strong, bitter taste that may require dilution or a chaser like apple cider vinegar. Many users find it effective for calming nerves, reducing anxiety, and supporting sleep without causing excessive sedation. It can also help lower heart rate and relieve nerve pain or migraines. Overall, its potency and quality make it a reliable herbal remedy for stress relief, especially for those wanting an alcohol-free tincture.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, alcohol-free herbal remedy to promote relaxation, reduce anxiety, and support sleep without excessive sedation.
Pros:
- Effective for calming nerves and easing stress without strong sedative effects
- Alcohol-free formulation suitable for those avoiding alcohol-based tinctures
- Generally considered high quality and potent, providing good value for the price
Cons:
- Strong, bitter taste may require dilution or chasers, which some users find unpleasant
- Higher doses needed due to glycerin-based formula, potentially increasing cost per serving
- Some users may develop tolerance over time, reducing long-term effectiveness
Ra Herbals Organic Skullcap Tincture (1 oz)

Ra Herbals Organic Skullcap Tincture (1 oz) is an excellent choice for anyone seeking a natural way to relax and reduce stress. Made from certified organic ingredients sourced from Southern Oregon, it offers pure calming benefits. The small 1 oz bottle makes it easy to incorporate into daily routines, providing gentle support for stress relief and mental clarity. Each drop captures the herb’s natural essence through meticulous extraction, ensuring maximum potency and freshness. Whether you need a quick calming boost or a consistent relaxation aid, this tincture helps restore tranquility and promote a peaceful, serene lifestyle naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, organic solution to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and enhance mental clarity in their daily wellness routine.
Pros:
- Made from certified organic ingredients sourced from Southern Oregon.
- Provides gentle, natural calming and stress-relief benefits.
- Convenient 1 oz bottle for easy daily use and integration into routines.
Cons:
- May require consistent daily use to experience full benefits.
- Tincture form might not be preferred by those who dislike herbal extracts.
- Not a substitute for professional medical treatment for severe anxiety or stress conditions.
Secrets of the Tribe Skullcap Tincture (2 oz)

Are you looking for a natural way to ease stress and find calm? Secrets of the Tribe Skullcap Tincture (2 oz) is an alcohol-free extract designed to promote relaxation and soothe your mind. Made from pure Skullcap, it’s third-party tested for safety and purity, with no fillers or foreign substances. Its high-potency extraction ensures maximum bioactive compounds, so your body absorbs its calming effects quickly. This gluten-free, cruelty-free tincture is made entirely in the USA with natural ingredients, free from artificial additives. Easy to use and absorb, it’s a reliable choice for anyone seeking natural stress relief and mental clarity.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, alcohol-free supplement to reduce stress, promote relaxation, and enhance mental clarity.
Pros:
- Made from 100% natural ingredients with no artificial additives or preservatives
- High-potency extraction ensures maximum bioactive compounds for effective calming effects
- Third-party lab tested for safety, purity, and herb authenticity
Cons:
- May require consistent use over time to notice significant stress relief
- Tincture form may not be preferred by those who dislike the taste or alcohol-free liquids
- Limited to 2 oz bottles, which may require frequent reordering for regular use
Swanson Chinese Skullcap Herbal Supplement (90 Capsules)

If you’re seeking a natural way to ease anxiety and improve sleep, Swanson Chinese Skullcap Herbal Supplement offers a targeted solution. Each capsule contains 400mg of Chinese Skullcap, an herb with a long history of calming nerves and supporting relaxation. Many users report feeling refreshed in the morning and experiencing relief from stress and neck pain. The supplement also boasts anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic properties, helping your body handle daily stressors. Made in GMP-certified facilities and tested for quality, this convenient capsule is a natural alternative to prescription sleep aids with minimal side effects. It’s an effective way to promote calmness and better sleep naturally.
Best For: individuals seeking a natural, herbal supplement to reduce anxiety, improve sleep quality, and support overall relaxation without the use of prescription medications.
Pros:
- Contains a potent 400mg of Chinese Skullcap per capsule, backed by traditional use and scientific testing.
- Promotes relaxation, reduces stress, and may alleviate neck pain and anxiety symptoms effectively.
- Made in GMP-certified facilities with third-party testing, ensuring high quality, purity, and safety.
Cons:
- Individual responses may vary; some users may not experience significant sleep benefits.
- As a rare herb, Chinese Skullcap can be difficult to find in certain regions or stores.
- Not suitable for those allergic to herbal supplements or with specific medical conditions without consulting a healthcare provider.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Skullcap Tincture for Relaxation

When selecting a skullcap tincture, I consider its potency and concentration to guarantee it meets my relaxation needs. I also look for products made from organic, natural ingredients to prioritize safety and quality. Additionally, factors like ease of use, extra health benefits, and long-term safety play a vital role in my choice.
Potency and Concentration
Choosing the right skullcap tincture for relaxation depends heavily on its potency and concentration. Higher potency tinctures contain more active skullcap extract, which can boost relaxation but also increase the risk of side effects. Concentration is often measured in milligrams per serving, with some tinctures offering over 500 mg of skullcap herb per dose for stronger effects. Extraction methods play a role too; alcohol-based extracts typically yield higher concentrations of bioactive compounds compared to glycerin-based ones. It’s crucial to take into account the herb’s concentration when dosing to avoid under- or overdosing, especially with high-potency options like 10X extracts. Always check the label’s dosage recommendations to ensure safe, effective use tailored to your relaxation needs.
Organic and Natural Quality
Opting for organic and natural skullcap tinctures guarantees you’re getting a product free from synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and additives. This means higher purity and safety, as the herbs are cultivated without harmful chemicals or genetic modifications. Natural tinctures typically undergo minimal processing and avoid artificial preservatives, flavors, or fillers, preserving the herb’s bioactive compounds that promote relaxation. Certification labels like USDA Organic confirm that the tincture meets strict organic standards, giving you confidence in its quality. Herbal extracts from wild or organically grown plants tend to retain higher levels of essential phytochemicals, which support calming effects and overall wellness. Choosing organic and natural options reduces your exposure to potential contaminants and aligns with a holistic approach to health and relaxation.
Ease of Use
Selecting a skullcap tincture that’s easy to use can make a significant difference in maintaining a consistent relaxation routine. Pre-measured droppers provide precise dosing, so I know exactly how much I’m taking each time, which simplifies my daily ritual. Alcohol-free tinctures in dropper bottles are especially convenient—they allow for quick sublingual application or mixing into drinks without extra tools. Clear instructions on dosage help me avoid guesswork, ensuring I get the right amount for best calming effects. Liquid extracts absorb faster than capsules or teas, so I notice the benefits sooner. A user-friendly tincture avoids complicated steps, making it straightforward to incorporate into my day. Overall, ease of use encourages regular use and enhances the calming experience.
Additional Health Benefits
When considering a skullcap tincture for relaxation, it’s important to look beyond its calming effects and examine additional health benefits that may support your overall well-being. Skullcap has antioxidant properties that help combat oxidative stress, promoting cellular health. Some formulations include compounds that may reduce anxiety and improve mood, enhancing emotional stability. The herb is also traditionally used to ease muscle tension and alleviate headaches caused by stress. Additionally, certain tinctures contain bioactive compounds that bolster immune function and help your body adapt to stressors more effectively. These benefits make skullcap a versatile supplement that not only calms your mind but also contributes to your physical health, making it a valuable addition to your wellness routine.
Safety and Long-term Use
While skullcap tinctures offer notable relaxation and health benefits, it’s important to consider safety and proper use for long-term use. Repeated daily dosing may carry risks of hepatotoxicity and liver toxicity, so caution is essential. I recommend consulting a healthcare professional before using skullcap tinctures for extended periods, especially if you have existing liver issues. Adhering to suggested dosage guidelines is crucial; exceeding recommended amounts can increase side effects or toxicity. Regular monitoring of liver function might be advisable if you plan long-term use. Additionally, choosing high-quality tinctures from reputable sources, with transparent ingredient sourcing and clear instructions, can help minimize safety concerns. Prioritizing these precautions ensures you enjoy the benefits safely without risking your health.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are There Any Known Side Effects of Skullcap Tinctures?
Yes, there are some known side effects of skullcap tinctures. I’ve read that they can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, like skin rashes or respiratory issues. Some people might experience dizziness, nausea, or headaches if they take too much. I recommend starting with a small dose and consulting with a healthcare provider, especially if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, or on other medications, to avoid any adverse effects.
How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects?
Imagine your mind as a busy river; skullcap tinctures are like gentle currents that calm the flow. Usually, I notice the soothing effects within 20 to 30 minutes after taking a dose. Sometimes, it’s almost immediate, especially if I’m feeling particularly anxious. For full relaxation, I recommend giving it a little time—about an hour—so the calming waves can fully settle in and help you find your peaceful flow.
Can Skullcap Tinctures Be Combined With Other Herbs?
Yes, I often combine skullcap tinctures with herbs like valerian root or chamomile to enhance relaxation. I make sure to research each herb’s effects and consult a healthcare professional before mixing, especially if I take medications. Combining herbs can boost their calming benefits, but I always start with small doses to see how my body reacts. It’s a natural way to tailor my relaxation routine.
What Is the Recommended Daily Dosage for Relaxation?
Think of your daily routine as a gentle river; I recommend starting with 1 to 2 milliliters of skullcap tincture, taken 2-3 times a day. This dosage acts like a calming current, easing your mind and relaxing your body. Always listen to your body and adjust accordingly, and consult a healthcare professional if you’re unsure. Consistency turns this calming flow into a peaceful stream.
Are Skullcap Tinctures Safe for Long-Term Use?
Yes, skullcap tinctures are generally safe for long-term use when taken as directed. I recommend consulting with a healthcare professional to confirm it fits your personal health needs, especially if you’re taking other medications or have health conditions. I personally use them in moderation, and I’ve found they help me relax without any adverse effects. Just remember, moderation and professional guidance are key to safe, long-term use.
Conclusion
So, whether you’re seeking a gentle lullaby for your mind or a soothing hug for your body, these skullcap tinctures are like trusted friends guiding you to calm waters. Trust your instincts and pick the one that resonates with you, turning your daily stress into a distant echo. Remember, the right tincture can be your calming anchor in the storm, helping you find peace amidst life’s chaos.
 
					 
							 
					 
					 
					 
					 
						 
						 
						